Q 1 . Discuss the purpose of packages Why are they necessary, and how Assignment

Q 1 . Talk about the reason for bundles Why are they fundamental, and how has the requirement for them changed Q 2. what are a portion of the elements that have prompted changes in bundling - Assignment Example Be that as it may, the main technique through which clients just as makers separate between these items is through bundling of these merchandise. Bundling has encountered different changes in its plan throughout the years. This requirement for change in configuration has been caused because of different components. For example during the time of 1980s just as the 1990s, the primary worry of the creators of bundling material was to increase the value of the great being bundled and accordingly they dealt with the style of bundling configuration so as to produce higher number of deals (Moor 25). Later the requirement for bundling changed with the designer’s worry for the earth security and assurance. Because of this need, creators began concentrating on making bundling material that not just kept the merchandise being bundled safe, they even began giving thought the security of nature. For instance the utilization of reusable and recyclable bundling material was caused because of the requirement for natural security. 2. A few components have contributed vigorously to the adjustment in bundling structure; one of the primary factors that persuade these progressions remembers the changes for the mentalities of the clients. For instance clients have now gotten mindful of bundling waste and its negative effect on nature and therefore their interest for condition benevolent bundling has expanded and this has propelled bundle originators to make bundling material that can without much of a stretch be reused. Another explanation because of which the requirement for changes in bundling configuration may have happened is because of the adjustments in the states of the market (Soroka 14). For instance economic situations may turn out to be more regrettable and the producers intend to give a rebate to the clients of that specific market, so as to express the markdown on the bundle of the substance and to draw in clients through limited evaluating, originators may need to overhaul their bundling. Governments and strategy creators may even

A Small Apartment Full of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Small Apartment Full of Life - Essay Example We lived in this little loft for a long time, and it was viewed as the gloomiest a great time. Despite the fact that this spot was genuinely awkward to live in, it helped me comprehend a significant estimation of life. While we were living in a little loft, I understood that physical belongings make our life helpful and agreeable, however once in a while they thwart us from future arranging. Before we could move to the little loft, we lived in a not too bad estimated three-room house with a wonderful nursery that had trees and blossoms. We could welcome individuals to our home to boast. We had an extensive restroom that was large enough to oblige a bath and a clothing machine. While we lived in the enormous house, I was unable to attempt house tasks, yet once in a while when I had encounters with my dad, he would request that I search out undesirable plants in the nursery as a discipline. Other than living in a major house, I wore quality garments and shoes which I approached my folks to purchase for me. I lived as though these costly materials are about existence, and they introduced me as an important individual. I had never taken a risk to thank my folks for what they had accomplished for me. Rather, I underestimated everything. I felt certain and glad for having material articles, however the certainty and the material riches all appeared to weaken when the material belongings finished. The move from a major house to a little condo was brought about by the disappointment of my father’s business. In the wake of laboring for a long time for a little apparatus organization, my dad chose to go into business. He selected to begin the processing plant utilizing legacy cash from his mom to deliver natural organic product juice. I recollect one day he acquired some pear squeeze a pocket and requested that we taste it. The juice contained 100% natural organic product squeeze that was sound for human utilization. In any case, the flavor of the juice was not that appealing to a significant number of its customers. Being a dad of three youngsters, my dad had a respectable thought of giving solid natural organic product juice, which lamentably was not fruitful.

Research Paper Outlines - Find the Right Ones For Your Students

Research Paper Outlines - Find the Right Ones For Your StudentsMake sure that you take note of every minute detail when looking for the best quality research paper outlines and notes. There are several different factors that need to be taken into consideration, such as the amount of time that is needed for your students, the topic of the paper, and the time that is needed to write the paper. Once you know what is necessary, you can start looking for the best possible research paper outlines.When you are ready to find the best research paper outlines for your students, the first thing that you need to do is to gather together all of your materials so that you will have a lot of different options to choose from. This will make it easier for you to find the outline that will work best for you.After you gather all of your information, you will want to look through your files in your classes. You might need to go over some papers that you have already printed, but you should have a list o f everything that you are using on hand. You might find that this list will make it easier for you to get ideas for writing the research paper outlines for your students.The main part of your class notebook is going to be your schedule. When you are preparing your schedule for the semester, you might be able to get ideas about the research paper outlines for your classes. If you notice that your research paper outlines are not exactly the same as what the rest of your class papers are, you might want to try to change them up a little bit.The last thing that you will need to check is the grade list. As a teacher, you are probably going to need to know the grades for each of your classes. Most professors will be able to give you an idea of what they want, but if you need a little more detail, you can always ask them for it.When you are searching for research paper outlines, the best thing that you can do is to find all of the material that you need in one place. You might need to look online, or you might need to search in your books in the library. There is no reason that you should have to spend time looking through your books when you can just type it all up in one location.Of course, you need to remember that you are going to spend a lot of time in your classroom. You are also going to have a lot of time on your hands. Keeping a lot of different materials handy will help you save time and make sure that you will be able to get the research paper outlines that you need for your class.With a little bit of planning, you will be able to find all of the materials that you need to get started right away. When you use this method, you will be able to prepare for your class, and then you will be able to get the research paper outlines that you need for each of your classes.

No Cell Phones for Kids

NO CELL PHONES FOR KIDS Cell telephone is considered as something critical in human life these days. We no longer depend on open telephones that once we did. The mobile phones clients are not just individuals that originate from the average workers, yet additionally kids. Is mobile phone actually that significant? There are a great deal of hindrances of utilizing cell phones which includes youngsters from age six until thirteen. A few people may feel that children ought to have PDAs. Be that as it may, I do accept that children ought not have cell phones.Health, money related and social issues are among of the points that related with the drawbacks of utilizing mobile phones for youngsters. Mobile phones can be an interruption and utilized for tormenting. PDAs can be a simple strategy for cheating is valid, as well. Likewise, phones can bring about lack of sleep. Investing a ton of energy for utilizing phones can bring about horrible scores. Furthermore, Phone use can hamper family a ssociation. Children’s wellbeing influenced from the utilization of mobile phones since it contains attractive waves.Cell telephones contain attractive waves which is risky to human particularly little youngsters who safe framework doesn't sufficient grow yet. They may endure a serious illness, for example, mind malignancy. Contrast with the grown-up, the kids can possibly be influenced is higher. In this way, the utilization of mobile phones influenced the kids wellbeing. Likewise, it removes time from kids to go out and run with their companions. They like to mess around or converse with one another by messaging as opposed to play outside.Another issue that related with mobile phones is money related. At the point when the guardians let their kids to utilize wireless from the early age, they will in general get occupied and use it with no restriction. Kids won't consider the sum that need to pay when they utilize the PDA. In addition, they will in general follow the most re cent style of mobile phones. They will need to purchase the most recent cell phones’ plan or purchase the phone phone’ devices, without considering the sums they have wasted.Therefore, mobile phones have caused terrible impact for money related. The most influenced is kids social style as far as companionship and love. In companionship, they are probably going to delay when they began to content their companion. They will chatter until the extremely early times toward the beginning of the day and left their school work. What make it most exceedingly awful is the point at which the fall in their relationship. They will begin to bring their telephone all over the place and content their accomplice at whatever point they can. This disturbing manifestation will cause their scholarly evaluations to go down and

Overview of Qualitative And Quantitative Data Collection Methods

Overview of Qualitative And Quantitative Data Collection Methods Much of the workings of the world today are controlled and powered by information, giving credence to that famous quote, “information is power”. Professionals, researchers, organizations, businesses, industries and even governments cannot function without information serving as “fuel” for decision-making, strategizing, gaining and storing knowledge.But information is not something that is handed to anyone on a silver platter. It starts with a small raw fact or figure â€" or a set of raw facts and figures â€" that are not organized and, all too often, without meaning or context. These are called “data”. By itself, and in its raw form, data may seem useless.Data will cease to be useless once it undergoes processing, where it will be organized, structured and given context through interpretation and analysis. Processing gives it meaning, effectively turning it into information that will eventually be of great use to those who need it. Collectively, all information will make up bodies of knowledge that will, in turn, benefit various users of this knowledge.Without data, there won’t be any information. Therefore, no matter how data may seem random and useless, it is actually considered to be the most important and basic unit of any information structure or body of knowledge. © Shutterstock.com | SentavioTo that end, various approaches, tools and methodologies aimed at gathering or collecting data have been formulated.THE MEANING OF DATA COLLECTIONWhether it is business, marketing, humanities, physical sciences, social sciences, or other fields of study or discipline, data plays a very important role, serving as their respective starting points. That is why, in all of these processes that involve the usage of information and knowledge, one of the very first steps is data collection.Data collection is described as the “process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer queries, stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.”Depending on the discipline or field, the nature of the information being sought, and the objective or goal of users, the methods of data collection will vary. The approach to applying the methods may also vary, customized to s uit the purpose and prevailing circumstances, without compromising the integrity, accuracy and reliability of the data.There are two main types of data that users find themselves working with â€" and having to collect.Quantitative Data. These are data that deal with quantities, values or numbers, making them measurable. Thus, they are usually expressed in numerical form, such as length, size, amount, price, and even duration. The use of statistics to generate and subsequently analyze this type of data add credence or credibility to it, so that quantitative data is overall seen as more reliable and objective.Qualitative Data. These data, on the other hand, deals with quality, so that they are descriptive rather than numerical in nature. Unlike quantitative data, they are generally not measurable, and are only gained mostly through observation. Narratives often make use of adjectives and other descriptive words to refer to data on appearance, color, texture, and other qualities.In mos t cases, these two data types are used as preferences in choosing the method or tool to be used in data collection. As a matter of fact, data collection methods are classified into two, and they are based on these types of data. Thus, we can safely say that there are two major classifications or categories of data collection methods: the quantitative data collection methods and the qualitative data collection methods.IMPORTANCE OF DATA COLLECTIONFrom the definition of “data collection” alone, it is already apparent why gathering data is important: to come up with answers, which come in the form of useful information, converted from data.But for many, that still does not mean much.Depending on the perspective of the user and the purpose of the information, there are many concrete benefits that can be gained from data gathering. In general terms, here are some of the reasons why data collection is very important. The first question that we will address is: “why should you collec t data?”Data collection aids in the search for answers and resolutions.Learning and building knowledge is a natural inclination for human beings. Even at a very young age, we are in search for answers to a lot of things. Take a look at toddlers and small children, and they are the ones with so many questions, their curious spirit driving them to repeatedly ask whatever piques their interest.A toddler curious about a white flower in the backyard will start collecting data. He will approach the flower in question and look at it closely, taking in the color, the soft feel of the petals against his skin, and even the mild scent that emanates from it. He will then run to his mother and pull her along until they got to where the flower is. In baby speak, he will ask what the flower’s name is, and the mother will reply, “It’s a flower, and it is called rose.”It’s white. It’s soft. It smells good. And now the little boy even has a name for it. It’s called a rose. When his mo ther wasn’t looking, he reached for the rose by its stem and tried to pluck it. Suddenly, he felt a prickle in his fingers, followed by a sharp pain that made him yelp. When he looked down at his palm, he saw two puncture marks, and they are bleeding.The little boy starts to cry, thinking how roses, no matter how pretty and good-smelling, are dangerous and can hurt you. This information will now be embedded in his mind, sure to become one of the most enduring pieces of information or tidbit of knowledge that he will know about the flower called “rose”.The same goes in case of a marketing research, for example. A company wants to learn a few things about the market in order to come up with a marketing plan, or tweak an already existing marketing program. There’s no way that they will be able to do these things without collecting the relevant data. Data collection facilitates and improves decision-making processes, and the quality of the decisions made.Leaders cannot make deci sive strategies without facts to support them. Planners cannot draw up plans and designs without a basis. Entrepreneurs could not possibly come up with a business idea â€" much less a viable business plan â€" out of nothing at all. Similarly, businesses won’t be able to formulate marketing plans, and implement strategies to increase profitability and growth, if they have no data to start from.Without data, there won’t be anything to convert into useful information that will provide the basis for decisions. All that decision-makers are left with is their intuition and gut feeling, but even gut feeling and instinct have some basis on facts.Decision-making processes become smoother, and decisions are definitely better, if there is data driving them. According to a survey by Helical IT, the success rate of decisions based on data gathered is higher by 79% than those made using pure intuition alone.In business, one of the most important decisions that must be made is on resource allo cation and usage. If they collect the relevant data, they will be able to make informed decisions on how to use business resources efficiently.Data collection improves quality of expected results or output.Just as having data will improve decision-making and the quality of the decisions, it will also improve the quality of the results or output expected from any endeavor or activity. For example, a manufacturer will be able to produce high quality products after designing them using reliable data gathered. Consumers will also find the claims of the company about the product to be more reliable because they know it has been developed after conducting significant amount of research.Through collecting data, monitoring and tracking progress will also be facilitated. This gives a lot of room for flexibility, so response can be made accordingly and promptly. Adjustments can be made and improvements effected.Now we move to the next question, and that is on the manner of collecting data. Wh y is there a need to be particular about how data is collected? Why does it have to be systematic, and not just done on the fly, using whatever makes the data gatherer comfortable? Why do you have to pick certain methodologies of data collection when you can simply be random with it?Collecting data is expensive and resource-intensive. It will cost you money, time, and other resources. Thus, you have to make sure you make the most of it. You cannot afford to be random and haphazard about how you gather data when there are large amounts of investment at stake.Data collection methods will help ensure the accuracy and integrity of data collected. It’s common sense, really. Using the right data collection method â€" and using it properly â€" will allow only high quality data to be gathered. In this context, high quality data refers to data that is free from errors and bias arising from subjectivity, thereby increasing their reliability. High quality and reliable data will then be proce ssed, resulting to high quality information.METHODS OF DATA COLLECTIONWe’ll now take a look at the different methods or tools used to collect data, and some of their pros (+) and cons (-). You may notice some methods falling under both categories, which means that they can be used in gathering both types of data.I. Qualitative Data Collection MethodsExploratory in nature, these methods are mainly concerned at gaining insights and understanding on underlying reasons and motivations, so they tend to dig deeper. Since they cannot be quantified, measurability becomes an issue. This lack of measurability leads to the preference for methods or tools that are largely unstructured or, in some cases, maybe structured but only to a very small, limited extent.Generally, qualitative methods are time-consuming and expensive to conduct, and so researchers try to lower the costs incurred by decreasing the sample size or number of respondents.Face-to-Face Personal InterviewsThis is considered to be the most common data collection instrument for qualitative research, primarily because of its personal approach. The interviewer will collect data directly from the subject (the interviewee), on a one-on-one and face-to-face interaction. This is ideal for when data to be obtained must be highly personalized.The interview may be informal and unstructured â€" conversational, even â€" as if taking place between two casual to close friends. The questions asked are mostly unplanned and spontaneous, with the interviewer letting the flow of the interview dictate the next questions to be asked.However, if the interviewer still wants the data to be standardized to a certain extent for easier analysis, he could conduct a semi-structured interview where he asks the same series of open-ended questions to all the respondents. But if they let the subject choose her answer from a set of options, what just took place is a closed, structured and fixed-response interview.(+) This allows the interv iewer to probe further, by asking follow-up questions and getting more information in the process.(+) The data will be highly personalized (particularly when using the informal approach).(-) This method is subject to certain limitations, such as language barriers, cultural differences, and geographical distances.(-) The person conducting the interview must have very good interviewing skills in order to elicit responses.Qualitative SurveysPaper surveys or questionnaires. Questionnaires often utilize a structure comprised of short questions and, in the case of qualitative questionnaires, they are usually open-ended, with the respondents asked to provide detailed answers, in their own words. It’s almost like answering essay questions.(+) Since questionnaires are designed to collect standardized data, they are ideal for use in large populations or sample sizes of respondents.(+) The high amount of detail provided will aid analysis of data.(-) On the other hand, the large number of res pondents (and data), combined with the high level and amount of detail provided in the answers, will make data analysis quite tedious and time-consuming.Web-based questionnaires. This is basically a web-based or internet-based survey, involving a questionnaire uploaded to a site, where the respondents will log into and accomplish electronically. Instead of a paper and a pen, they will be using a computer screen and the mouse.(+) Data collection is definitely quicker. This is often due to the questions being shorter, requiring less detail than in, say, a personal interview or a paper questionnaire.(+) It is also uncomplicated, since the respondents can be invited to answer the questionnaire by simply sending them an email containing the URL of the site where the online questionnaire is available for answering.(-) There is a limitation on the respondents, since the only ones to be able to answer are those who own a computer, have internet connection, and know their way around answerin g online surverys.(-) The lesser amount of detail provided means the researcher may end up with mostly surface data, and no depth or meaning, especially when the data is processed. Focus GroupsFocus groups method is basically an interview method, but done in a group discussion setting. When the object of the data is behaviors and attitudes, particularly in social situations, and resources for one-on-one interviews are limited, using the focus group approach is highly recommended. Ideally, the focus group should have at least 3 people and a moderator to around 10 to 13 people maximum, plus a moderator.Depending on the data being sought, the members of the group should have something in common. For example, a researcher conducting a study on the recovery of married mothers from alcoholism will choose women who are (1) married, (2) have kids, and (3) recovering alcoholics. Other parameters such as the age, employment status, and income bracketdo not have to be similar across the member s of the focus group.The topic that data will be collected about will be presented to the group, and the moderator will open the floor for a debate.(+) There may be a small group of respondents, but the setup or framework of data being delivered and shared makes it possible to come up with a wide variety of answers.(+)  The data collector may also get highly detailed and descriptive data by using a focus group.(-) Much of the success of the discussion within the focus group lies in the hands of the moderator. He must be highly capable and experienced in controlling these types of interactions.Documental RevisionThis method involves the use of previously existing and reliable documents and other sources of information as a source of data to be used in a new research or investigation. This is likened to how the data collector will go to a library and go over the books and other references for information relevant to what he is currently researching on.(+) The researcher will gain bett er understanding of the field or subject being looked into, thanks to the reliable and high quality documents used as data sources.(+) Taking a look into other documents or researches as a source will provide a glimpse of the subject being looked into from different perspectives or points of view, allowing comparisons and contrasts to be made.(-) Unfortunately, this relies heavily on the quality of the document that will be used, and the ability of the data collector to choose the right and reliable documents. If he chooses wrong, then the quality of the data he will collect later on will be compromised.ObservationIn this method, the researcher takes a participatory stance, immersing himself in the setting where his respondents are, and generally taking a look at everything, while taking down notes.Aside from note-taking, other documentation methods may be used, such as video and audio recording, photography, and the use of tangible items such as artifacts, mementoes, and other tool s.(+) The participatory nature may lead to the researcher getting more reliable information.(+) Data is more reliable and representative of what is actually happening, since they took place and were observed under normal circumstances.(-) The participation may end up influencing the opinions and attitudes of the researcher, so he will end up having difficulty being objective and impartial as soon as the data he is looking for comes in.(-) Validity may arise due to the risk that the researcher’s participation may have an impact on the naturalness of the setting. The observed may become reactive to the idea of being watched and observed. If he planned to observe recovering alcoholic mothers in their natural environment (e.g. at their homes with their kids), their presence may cause the subjects to react differently, knowing that they are being observed. This may lead to the results becoming impaired.Longitudinal studiesThis is a research or data collection method that is performed r epeatedly, on the same data sources, over an extended period of time. It is an observational research method that could even cover a span of years and, in some cases, even decades. The goal is to find correlations through an empirical or observational study of subjects with a common trait or characteristic.An example of this is the Terman Study of the Gifted conducted by Lewis Terman at Stanford University. The study aimed to gather data on the characteristics of gifted children â€" and how they grow and develop â€" over their lifetime. Terman started in 1921, and it extended over the lifespan of the subjects, more than 1,500 boys and girls aged 3 to 19 years old, and with IQs higher than 135. To this day, this study is the world’s “oldest and longest-running” longitudinal study.(+) This is ideal when seeking data meant to establish a variable’s pattern over a period of time, particularly over an extended period of time.(+) As a method to find correlations, it is effective i n finding connections and relationships of cause and effect.(-) The long period may become a setback, considering how the probability of the subjects at the beginning of the research will still be complete 10, 20, or 30 years down the road is very low.(-) Over the extended period, attitudes and opinions of the subjects are likely to change, which can lead to the dilution of data, reducing their reliability in the process.Case StudiesIn this qualitative method, data is gathered by taking a close look and an in-depth analysis of a “case study” or “case studies” â€" the unit or units of research that may be an individual, a group of individuals, or an entire organization. This methodology’s versatility is demonstrated in how it can be used to analyze both simple and complex subjects.However, the strength of a case study as a data collection method is attributed to how it utilizes other data collection methods, and captures more variables than when a single methodology is used . In analyzing the case study, the researcher may employ other methods such as interviewing, floating questionnaires, or conducting group discussions in order to gather data.(+) It is flexible and versatile, analyzing both simple and complex units and occurrence, even over a long period of time.(+) Case studies provide in-depth and detailed information, thanks to how it captures as many variables as it can.(-) Reliability of the data may be put at risk when the case study or studies chosen are not representative of the sample or population.II. Quantitative Data Collection MethodsData can be readily quantified and generated into numerical form, which will then be converted and processed into useful information mathematically. The result is often in the form of statistics that is meaningful and, therefore, useful. Unlike qualitative methods, these quantitative techniques usually make use of larger sample sizes because its measurable nature makes that possible and easier.Quantitative S urveysUnlike the open-ended questions asked in qualitative questionnaires, quantitative paper surveys pose closed questions, with the answer options provided. The respondents will only have to choose their answer among the choices provided on the questionnaire.(+) Similarly, these are ideal for use when surveying large numbers of respondents.(+) The standardized nature of questionnaires enable researchers to make generalizations out of the results.(-) This can be very limiting to the respondents, since it is possible that his actual answer to the question may not be in the list of options provided on the questionnaire.(-) While data analysis is still possible, it will be restricted by the lack of details.InterviewsPersonal one-on-one interviews may also be used for gathering quantitative data. In collecting quantitative data, the interview is more structured than when gathering qualitative data, comprised of a prepared set of standard questions.These interviews can take the followin g forms:Face-to-face interviews: Much like when conducting interviews to gather qualitative data, this can also yield quantitative data when standard questions are asked.(+) The face-to-face setup allows the researcher to make clarifications on any answer given by the interviewee.(-) This can be quite a challenge when dealing with a large sample size or group of interviewees. If the plan is to interview everyone, it is bound to take a lot of time, not to mention a significant amount of money.Telephone and/or online, web-based interviews. Conducting interviews over the telephone is no longer a new concept. Rapidly rising to take the place of telephone interviews is the video interview via internet connection and web-based applications, such as Skype.(+) The net for data collection may be cast wider, since there is no need to travel through distances to get the data. All it takes is to pick up the phone and dial a number, or connect to the internet and log on to Skype for a video call or video conference.(-) Quality of the data may be questionable, especially in terms of impartiality. The net may be cast wide, but it will only be targeting a specific group of subjects: those with telephones and internet connections and are knowledgeable about using such technologies.Computer-assisted interviews. This is called CAPI, or Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing where, in a face-to-face interview, the data obtained from the interviewee will be entered directly into a database through the use of a computer.(+) The direct input of data saves a lot of time and other resources in converting them into information later on, because the processing will take place immediately after the data has been obtained from the source and entered into the database.(-) The use of computers, databases and related devices and technologies does not come cheap. It also requires a certain degree of being tech-savvy on the part of the data gatherer. Quantitative ObservationThis is straightfo rward enough. Data may be collected through systematic observation by, say, counting the number of users present and currently accessing services in a specific area, or the number of services being used within a designated vicinity.When quantitative data is being sought, the approach is naturalistic observation, which mostly involves using the senses and keen observation skills to get data about the “what”, and not really about the “why” and “how”.(+) It is a quite simple way of collecting data, and not as expensive as the other methods.(-) The problem is that senses are not infallible. Unwittingly, the observer may have an unconscious grasp on his senses, and how they perceive situations and people around. Bias on the part of the observer is very possible.ExperimentsHave you ever wondered where clinical trials fall? They are considered to be a form of experiment, and are quantitative in nature. These methods involve manipulation of an independent variable, while maintai ning varying degrees of control over other variables, most likely the dependent ones. Usually, this is employed to obtain data that will be used later on for analysis of relationships and correlations.Quantitative researches often make use of experiments to gather data, and the types of experiments are:Laboratory experiments. This is your typical scientific experiment setup, taking place within a confined, closed and controlled environment (the laboratory), with the data collector being able to have strict control over all the variables. This level of control also implies that he can fully and deliberately manipulate the independent variable.Field experiments. This takes place in a natural environment, “on field” where, although the data collector may not be in full control of the variables, he is still able to do so up to a certain extent. Manipulation is still possible, although not as deliberate as in a laboratory setting.Natural experiments. This time, the data collector has no control over the independent variable whatsoever, which means it cannot be manipulated. Therefore, what can only be done is to gather data by letting the independent variable occur naturally, and observe its effects.You can probably name several other data collection methods, but the ones discussed are the most commonly used approaches. At the end of the day, the choice of a collection method is only 50% of the whole process. The correct usage of these methods will also have a bearing on the quality and integrity of the data being sought.

Chat Transcript with HBS MBA Admissions Director

Businessweek Online has posted the transcript of its highly informative chat with Deidre Leopold, HBS executive director of MBA admissions and financial aid. A few highlights: HBS is changing its essay approach this year. Applicants will respond to two required core essay questions and a choice of three among six other essay topics. This should give you greater latitude in presenting your qualifications. Calculus is not required for admission; however, a core evaluation criterion is a solid analytical and quantitative foundation. If I were to suggest coursework, it might be in the language of business, as in financial accounting. Applications at HBS were up 11% this year over last year. We use the essays to try to get to know the candidate. Use the essays to tell us about the real you, vs. trying to get our attention. we view rounds one and two as very similar and are looking for roughly an equal number of candidates from each of these roundsround three is essentially used as a shaping roundlooking for candidates who round out the profile of the class. I found her comments on admissions consultants to reflect growing, if grudging, acceptance of the field among admission committee members. She said: We understand that coaching and advisory services play a big role in the current culture While its understandable that candidates are trying to seek any information that may be helpful in gaining admission to business school, I would strongly advise that this be limited to self-discovery and exploration of career goals vs. giving anyone else an opportunity to be your voice and tell your story. The business school admissions process is not an essay-writing contest. The essays should be your opportunity to answer some thought-provoking questions and, in the process, find out something useful about yourself. The rest of your applicationyour academic record, work history, outside activities, and recommendationsare unique to your experience. The essays should also be unique to your experience. If they arent, something is wrong with your writing. MBA admissions consultants and editors can guide you so that your writing articulately presents your unique experience and voice.

Essay on My Family - 931 Words

My Family My Family has always been a very important staple in my life, they come to all of my sporting events and school activities to support me 100%. They are always there if I ever am in trouble or in need of help, they can do whatever I need. If I need a talking to and I need to calm down and focus they can do that for me. Then there are the times that I have with my brothers and my other family and we have a lot of fun, memories that you share with your family you will never forget. We have thanksgiving together, and all of my family comes out here for the 4th of July and we have the best time. During the day we go out in the boat and things in the water and at night we eat a lot of food and shoot off tons of fireworks. Then we†¦show more content†¦No name, no face to put with him, heck I dont even know if I look like him. My family and I are different, there are families that dont share the same situation as having four adopted kids that are all spread apart in age. Y et my family and I push through that and we look past that, people dont understand they think that coming from different parents would divide us kids by thinking, hey, you arent my real brother That kind of thing does not happen, if anything being from different parents brings us together because we are so different from each other we are curious to learn about each other. Some people see it as a tough thing to deal with and I see it as a blessing for my parents, my brothers, and myself to be unique in this way, and we have always been a religious family so we definitely believe that each one of us kids was a blessing to our parents. The sacrifice that they make everyday when the go to work to support four kids who they never owed anything, never had to call themselves our parents, but they took us in and called us their own and they are angels walking, for the wonderful impact they have had on the lives of me and my brothers. Growing up in a large family there will always be troub les and when the ages are so far apart there will always be growing pains. Being adopted they have the choice of picking kids that are farther apart from each other which means that we are all in aShow MoreRelatedMy Family Of The Family1312 Words   |  6 Pages Because my parents’ families are so different, there are few strengths common to all three family sculptures. One strength that applies in most cases is that children near each other in age tend to have close relationships. My family of origin was broken down into pairs: Steven and Daniel, Julia and Michael, Alyssa and Natalie, and Matthew and Emily. All of these paired relationships were generally healthy, and it was within these pairs that we were assigned roles within the family. Because of thisRead MoreMy Family Of The Family1061 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction A person’s family of original is their family he or she grew up in (Welch). This could be a family someone was brought up in or adopted into (Welch). In my case, my family of origin is my family related by blood because I grew up in this household my entire life. There are many types of subfamilies such as single parent families, childless or childfree families, stepfamilies, cohabiting, and same sex families. I was raised in a traditional family and so have all my ancestors tracing backRead MoreMy Family : A Family1205 Words   |  5 PagesMy family comes from a very different background between both my parents. In this family tree summary I will describe how my family emigrated from Ireland in the late 1800s and early 1900s to seek a different lifestyle. My mother and father come from very different backgrounds medically and with very different upbringings. My father, John, side of the family is very different from my mothers. My great great grandparents arrived from Ireland in the late 1800s arriving from Dublin in hope for a brighterRead MoreMy Family Of The Family1594 Words   |  7 PagesOur family of origin plays a large role in socializing us. Specifically, our family of origin â€Å"is the family in which we are raised and socialized to adhere to the customs and norms of the culture in which we live† (Welch, 2012, pg. 6). Who our family members are and how they live their lives influences us, helping to make us into the people we become. I owe a lot to all of my family members and a love them all very much. I grew up in a very family oriented environment which makes me place aRead MoreMy Family : A Family1474 Words   |  6 Pageslearned that my family may not be as dysfunctional as I thought. There are many families out there with crazy combinations of who and what makes up their family. 1/3 of people who married ha ve also been divorced before and people normally repartner within 3-5 years. 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After him is my brother Jesse he is 25 Then, there’s me the baby until my parents adopted my now littleRead MoreDefining Family : My Family1453 Words   |  6 PagesDefining Family My family consist of three people that live in my household. My mother, Janette who is 43 years old African American woman. She has a high school diploma and took some classes at Joliet Junior College, but she drop out because she couldn’t handle it. She works at a warehouse whom she is the team leader and since her income is what supports this family it would put my family in the lower income bracket. My older brother, Dionte who is 26 years old African American man. He has a highRead MoreMy Family Of The Family Tree2126 Words   |  9 PagesI derive most of my identity from my Mother’s side of the family tree, so this autobiography will be a little lopsided; much like my personality. My maternal grandmother’s family came from Sonder Stenderup of Jutland, Denmark and my maternal grandfather’s family is of German descent. The original family name was Gron, however my great grandfather change the surname to Green in order to sound more American. My mothe r’s grandparents came from Jutland, Denmark in 1905 and my grandmother was born in

Essay on Killer Angels by Michael Shaara - 677 Words

Killer Angels by Michael Shaara Most people think of the Civil War as a military battle between the North and South. Without studying the subject, they do not appreciate the facts that make up this historical event. When one reads the novel, Killer Angels, the reader is given a much better perception and understanding of what actually happened during the war. Killer Angels, by Michael Shaara, is a realistic historical depiction of the great battle of Gettysburg, which left 50,000 Confederate and Union soldiers dead, wounded, or missing. The novel is set up in chronological order of events that took place during the four days of the bloody and decisive battle of the Civil War. The tale is told from an alternating north and south†¦show more content†¦Lee, Major General John Buford from the South and from the North, Brigadier General Lewis Armistead, and Colonel Joshua Chamberlain. The main generals for the South were Lee and Longstreet. For the North there was Buford and Chamberlain. These men truly believed in what they were fighting for. Chamberlains sight on Little Round Top was very moving and courageous. I realized all the things the men had to give up and how amazing it was to see that they still had hope they would win and be back home with their families. I enjoyed how the book made me feel like I was directly involved with the incidents that occurred. The book instills in ones mind what a battle fought during the Civil War was actually like. This is a tremendously moving novel, completely unforgettable. Throughout the book, the reader is exposed to the pain, difficulty, anguish, and other dilemmas the armies face leading up to the final confrontation. There is extreme loss and unimaginable pain expressed as General Lee realizes that he is close to losing the war, as quoted in the book, No blame can be attached to the army for its failure to accomplish what was projected by me . . .. I alone am to blame, in perhaps expecting too much of its prowess and valor . . . could I have foreseen that the attack on the last day would fail, I should certainly have tried some other course . . . but I do notShow MoreRelatedThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1634 Words   |  7 PagesPulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Shaara, the author of The Killer Angels, was born on June 23, 1928 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was an author of science fiction, sports fiction, and historical fiction. Although writing was his passion, Shaara was very athletically successful in high school, winning more awards than any other student in the history of the school for sports such as basketball, track and baseball. He acquired a skill in boxing, and of the 18 matches Shaara fought as a young man, heRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1290 Words   |  6 Pages The Killer Angels Essay â€Å"There is no honorable way to kill, no gentle way to destroy. There is nothing good in war. Except its ending.† Stated by Abraham Lincoln, this quote embodies the essence of war, its tragic character and unfortunate occasional necessity. Accordingly, the outcome of war and its battles is often determined by the attitudes of the leaders of the opposing sides, including their causes for the willingness to fight and to be fought. Such was the case with the Battle of GettysburgRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe book The Killer Angels was published in 1975 by the Ballatine Booksand was written by Michael Shaara. The Killer Angels is a historic novel about the time of the American Civil War, more specifically The Battle of Gettysburg. Shaara wrote this historical masterpiece with the sole purpose of letting the reader know exactly how the war was for the men actually putting their lives on the line to get this great country of America to the stature it is today. In order to accomplish his goal of creatingRead MoreThe Killer Angel By Michael Shaara1248 Words   |  5 Pages The Killer Angel is a book elaborating on the history of the American civil war authored by Michael Shaara. The book has gained popularity among American citizens as it covers one of the deadliest battles in American history that took place at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, hence the title of the battle of Gettysburg (Shaara 5). The crash involved two major groups, the Confederacy, and the Union. The Confederacy constituted of seven secessionist states from the South who advocated forRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1947 Words   |  8 Pagesthe dueling North and South together to the small town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburg was as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels gives this full day-to-day account of the battle that shaped America’s future. Michael Shaara author of â€Å"The Killer Angels,† tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of generals Robert E. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford, and the other men involved in the actionRead MoreKiller Angels By Michael Shaara850 Words   |  4 Pages In the Pulitzer Prize winning civil war novel Killer Angels, Michael Shaara covers five days of the historic battle between the Northern and Southern United States at Gettysburg. Both the North and the South fought for freedom, although they did not have equivalent definitions of freedom. The North and the South were unwavering in their beliefs and their hope for a better United States, but what the two butted heads the most on was slavery. The South was a primarily agrarian region which reliedRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1117 Words   |  5 Pages Michael Shaara’s 1974 historical novel, The Killer Angels, covers the story of the four days of the Battle of Gettysburg that also features maps for visualization. The format of the story is well organized. It begins with a Foreword, which describes in great detail the armies and soldiers involved in the battle. It follows up with four sections and within each section there are chapters that are written in chronological order, covering the events between Monday, June 29, 1863 and Friday, July 3Read MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pages In the novel The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara, the story is told from the perspective of the men that fought in the war of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania on July 1863. We are able to see both sides of the combatants, their struggles they faced, friendships acquired, losses, personal stories and their views. In history we only learn the superficial information of how it occurred in the battle and the outcome of it, but we do not know how it happened and how much effort it took to fight in thatRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Killer Angels Novel written by Michael Shaara describes the Gettysburg battle from the perspective of Robert E. Lee, James Longstreet, various soldiers from both sides, and other men who fought in the battle. This author makes the reader go back in time and actually makes the reader depict the circumstances, and situations that soldiers and generals faced. This Novel makes the reader know that both sides were eager to win, and bring this bloodshed to an end. This amazing Novel shows how neighborRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Killer Angels by Michael Shaara was not just a fiction novel, it was a story of a man who actually saw the battlefield of Gettysburg and learned about the battle and its importance. When he returned from the battle sight he decided to write a novel based on his experience there. Instead of creating fictional characters he used the names and experiences he had directly with the main characters of the novel. Not only did Shaara study and review letters, documents and journal enteries of the men

Nuclear Solution For the Future Essay - 2277 Words

Nuclear Solution for the Future For forty years the United States has encountered increased prices and demand for energy. So what has been done to end the country’s energy crisis? Numerous organizations such as, The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE) have done research and made recommendations, but no systems have been put in place to resolve this volatile situation. The U.S. has resources and technologies available to solve the energy issue within the next 30 years, yet politicians struggle with the topic for fear of voter reprisal. Environmentalist, special interest, and big business influence politics, nevertheless, elected officials have the responsibility of improving the quality of life for†¦show more content†¦The environmental fears of Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and the Fukushima power plant have yet to be seen. Three Mile Island harmed no one, Chernobyl had the Red Forest, where a whole forest of pine trees died and h ad to be removed, and the Fukushima power plant has yet to begin assessing the impact. At Chernobyl many food restrictions were put in place immediately on plant and animal consumption, and several of these remain today. More research needs to be completed. The fear of an accident, and concerns over waste disposal linger in the minds of many, restating the hazards and fears of nuclear energy on the environment. Rising health concerns about radiation and the relation to cancer is the chief concern posed by nuclear power, even though exposure to low-level radiation occurs daily the link to cancer and radiation are confirmed in a report by the EPA â€Å"There is no firm basis for setting a safe level of exposure.... In setting limits, EPA makes the conservative (cautious) assumption that any increase in radiation exposure is accompanied by an increased risk of stochastic (random) effects.† The result a nuclear accident can make on a nearby community proves the danger associated with nuclear power supplies. Nuclear power has proven to be dangerous with the possibility of radiation poisoning and highShow MoreRelatedA Nuclear Solution for the Future Essay2276 Words   |  10 PagesA Nuclear Solution for the Future For forty years the United States has encountered increased prices and demand for energy. So what has been done to end the energy crisis? Numerous government agencies, such as, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Department of Energy (DOE) have researched and made recommendations, but no systems are in place to resolve this situation. 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Catholic Social Teaching states that when the individuals of today make sacrifices for the common good of a society, concerns for the welfare of future generations must also be taken into consideration. Massaro gives the example of how all citizens, even an elderly couple without children, should contribute towards the education of the youth in their community. Whether it is through the paying ofRead More Nuclear Waste Essay699 Words   |  3 PagesNuclear Waste Introduction The Earths oceans cover approximately three-fourths of the worlds surface. Less than one century ago, it would have been difficult to imagine that humans could significantly pollute these vast bodies of water. For as long as there have been human inhabitants along the coast, people have been utilizing the ocean as a dumping ground for garbage and other rubbish. Although several view the ocean as endless and thus, having plenty of room for the waste; this beliefRead MoreNuclear Energy Pro and Cons1377 Words   |  6 PagesTable of content P 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduction P 1-2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. What is the nuclear energy? P 2-3-4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Avantages and disadvantages P 4-5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Nuclear energy in the US P 5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Conclusion P6†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Citations The nuclear energy While demand for energy continues to rise due the continuous need of energy in developing and developed countries and the fast decrease of natural non renewable sources of energyRead MoreNuclear Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pageshighly radioactive spent fuel rods from nuclear reactors poses a unique threat to the national security of the United States; especially when public utilities are incentivized to utilize less expensive and arguably more dangerous cooling ponds. Dry casks, although more expensive, provide increased safeguards, security, and inventory controls not found with cooling ponds, and helps mitigate and alleviate many of the concerns found in storing spent fuel. SOLUTION: The U.S. Department of Energy shouldRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Nuclear Waste1712 Words   |  7 PagesNorth Korea, but because it has no safe way of disposing of its nuclear waste. Radiation is a silent killer; if exposed into the environment it could lead to genetic mutations, cancer, and if long enough, premature death. Furthermore, radioactive material can work its way up from the environment to animals, to humans up the food chain nowhere near the site of exposure. We have been complacent in finding a permanent solution to nuclear waste management for decades and it has created a state of uncertaintyRead MoreThe Role Of Nuclear Energy1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role Of Nuclear Energy In The World. Not long ago, the words nuclear energy and scientific and technological progress merged into an indivisible whole, and there was a lot of reasons for that. Young industry stimulated the development of a number of new directions in physics, chemistry, and biology. Moreover, it opened very bright prospects of solving energy problems, primarily the replacement of traditional fuels with something fundamentally different - compact, smokeless and, most importantlyRead MoreNuclear Energy Is Not the Answer1093 Words   |  4 Pagesmore and more important to find a solution. In the midst of a polluted world, what we need is a powerful, sustainable, and clean energy source. Solar power, wind power, geothermal heating/cooling, biomass burning, and hydro-electric turbines all seem like good solutions. At first glance, nuclear power does too. Its powerful, sustainable, and will last a long time right? However, if you take a closer look, and you can see that nuclear energy is not the answer. 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Police Brutality And Racial Profiling - 1343 Words

The use of police brutality and racial profiling is an unfortunate part of today’s society that needs to be addressed. Blacks are being stopped and searched by police officers in greater numbers compared to other races, and sometimes these situations escalate into violence. In the essay Blue On Black Violence: Freddie Gray, Baltimore, South Africa, the Quietism of Africana Christian Theology, author Darryl Scriven, a Philosophy professor at Florida AM University, reports that, â€Å"CNN reported that May 2015 was the deadliest month for Baltimore, Maryland in 16 years with 35 recorded, civilian-caused homicides† (Scriven 2015). He then goes on to say, â€Å"Most of the victims were African American† (Scriven 2015). This use of unnecessary force is not new. Police have employed the tactic of racial profiling to unfairly stop and search people of color, and some of time, this turns violent. There are several cases of police brutality that occurred in the past few years that show many similarities with cases from the past in Macintosh County. Ed Finch was standing outside of his house arguing with a woman when Officer Hutchinson approached him, obviously annoyed by the loud yelling. Hutchinson claimed he was disturbing the peace and asked him to be quiet. Ed refused, which ended up with Hutchinson shooting Ed point blank in the face. He then dragged him to jail where he was left in a cell with no medical attention. The Black community in Macintosh gathered and marched on the courtShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality And Racial Profiling1902 Words   |  8 PagesPolice brutality refers to the intentional utilization of vituperations or extortionate force directed towards a country s citizens by the police force. This extortionate force may be physical or in form of psychological dauntingness. Police brutality is highly evident in many countries all over the world especially in the news where such cases are reported. It is optically discerned as a form of police malfeasance which involves sexual abuse, police corruption, erron eous apprehends, racial profilingRead MorePolice Brutality And Racial Profiling Essay2484 Words   |  10 PagesPolice Brutality and Racial Profiling Police Brutality is defined as the use of excessive force by police officers when they encounter civilians. Police officers are defined as people who are responsible for the prevention of crime. Brutality is defined as, â€Å"savage, physical violence.† Police brutality has been alive and well for many years, but a majority of the cases had been recently. Dating back to the times of the Civil Rights Movement and even before, minorities have been treated with littleRead MorePolice Brutality And Racial Profiling1868 Words   |  8 Pagesoften these days. Police Brutality and racial profiling. As a white male, someone who is a criminal justice major in hopes of eventually becoming some type of law enforcement for my career later in life, you may ask why I even care about this issue since it isn’t necessarily affecting my life directly. My response is simple, I am tired of seeing the hashtags behind these deaths and one death from police brutality is already too many. Everyone sees the subject of police brutality as something thatRead MoreThe Conflict Of Police Brutality And Racial Profiling858 Words   |  4 Pagesprominent conflict of African American males and police officials in Western nations, focusing directly on the American South. In the late 1920’s African Americans in the U.S.A, were hopeful that their struggle against racism was nearing a successful conclusion with the start of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People). For many years, especially for people not of colour, racism, racial discrimination and police brutality were â€Å"hidden† from the mainstream media. ThoughRead MorePolice Brutality Based On Racial Profiling1682 Words   |  7 Pagesothers; violence and brutality against innocent citizens is the key to getting the job done. For years, minorities have fallen victim to police brutality based on racial profiling, stereotypes and other unjustifiable reasons that has cost severa l innocent lives. The involvement of officers in police brutality against minority social groups causes tainted and negative views on policing and their overall duty to protect, when they are ultimately the aggressors in this case. Police brutality is a violent incidentRead MorePolice Brutality Of African Americans1405 Words   |  6 Pagesyears police brutality towards African Americans has increased. This violence has resulted in riots across the United States. The August 2014 death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri many Americans, some who are former Civil Rights activists, have spoken out against police brutality. Black Lives Matter states that the movement’s goal is to bring justice to the present unjust police killings of African Americans. Looking at prior cases of brutality and its connection to racial profiling, suchRead MorePolice Brutality Racism1340 Words   |  6 PagesPolice brutality in America has been known to put fear in the lives of many Americans. Although police brutality is played out across all avenues of the media and many people see this happening, it yet does not change the fact that racism still exists in the justice system of America. People in positions of power yet have not done anything to rectify the situation and this has lead to the rise of â€Å"Black Lives Matter† movement. Numerous opportunities have been presented to officials to speak up aboutRead MorePolice Brutality1519 Words   |  7 Pagespeople have endured violence in many different ways. Today, police officers use deadly, excessive force that leads to inexcusable assaults, beatings and shootings. This demonstrates the governmentÐ ¢s role in initiating and prolonging racial suppression and provides the explanation for police brutality to become a federal crime(Black Radical Congress, 3). In history, racist violence, police brutality, has been used to suppress the racial blacks and to preserve power and privileges for the white raceRead MoreB lack Lives Matter Is An International Activist Movement1693 Words   |  7 Pagescorrelates to many topics such as police brutality, racial profiling, racism, segregation, discrimination etc. â€Å"Racial Profiling† refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials that targets individuals on suspicion of crime based on an individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin (â€Å"Racial Profiling: Definition†). Although this topic affects a wide array of communities it still pertains to citizens of color.Citizens rely on the police to protect them from any harm orRead MorePolice Brutality1314 Words   |  6 Pages Police brutality Those of the minority community have been subjected, for many decades, to violence by those in law enforcement in the United States. This type of violence is a direct depiction of police brutality, which often leads to death. Police brutality has been an issue for many years, and it remains a major concern for those of the minority community. Over the past five centuries, black people have endured violence in many different ways. Today, police officers use deadly, excessive force

Agency Costs and Financial Decision-Making Free Essays

Agency Costs and Financial Decision-Making The Concept An agency relationship is a contract under which one or more persons (the principal(s)) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent. If both parties to the relationship are utility maximizers and they may have divergent goals and objectives, and there is good reason to believe that the agent will not always act in the best interests of the principal (Jensen, Michael C. , and William H. We will write a custom essay sample on Agency Costs and Financial Decision-Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now Meckling. â€Å"Theory of the Firm, Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Ownership Structure. † Journal of Financial Economics 3 (October 1976), 305-360) The concept of agency cost recognizes there are fundamental differences in how shareholders, managers, and even bondholders interpret their respective relationships to an organization. While they may share some common goals and objectives, there is the potential for at least some objectives to emerge that are focused more on individual enrichment than on the well-being of the whole. For example, managers may be more focused on building a reputation for themselves, possibly creating their own power bases within the structure of the larger organizations. Shareholders may become more focused on earning dividends now and less on the future of the business. Bondholders may be concerned only with the project associated with the bond issue, and lose sight of how the overall stability of the company can have a negative impact on the return earned from that bond. ( http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/A-Ar/Agency-Theory. tml#ixzz14WVaUW4g) Agency Costs is an economic concept which is defined as the cost incurred by an entity in relation to issues like varied goals and objectives of the management and shareholders and information asymmetry. Self-Interested Behavior Agency theory suggests that, in imperfect labor and capital markets, managers will seek to maximize their own utility at the expense of corporate shareholders. Agents have the ability to operate i n their own self-interest rather than in the best interests of the firm because of asymmetric information (e. g. , managers know better than shareholders whether they are apable of meeting the shareholders’ objectives) and uncertainty (e. g. , myriad factors contribute to final outcomes, and it may not be evident whether the agent directly caused a given outcome, positive or negative). Evidence of self-interested managerial behavior includes the consumption of some corporate resources in the form of perquisites and the avoidance of optimal risk positions, whereby risk-averse managers bypass profitable opportunities in which the firm’s shareholders would prefer they invest. Outside investors recognize that the firm will make decisions contrary to their best interests. Accordingly, investors will discount the prices they are willing to pay for the firm’s securities. (Bamberg, Giinter, and Klaus Spremann, eds. Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987). A potential agency conflict arises whenever the manager of a firm owns less than 100 percent of the firm’s common stock. If a firm is a sole proprietorship managed by the owner, the owner-manager will undertake actions to maximize his or her own welfare. The owner-manager will probably measure utility by personal wealth, but may trade off other considerations, such as leisure and perquisites, against personal wealth. If the owner-manager forgoes a portion of his or her ownership by selling some of the firm’s stock to outside investors, a potential conflict of interest, called an agency conflict, arises. For example, the owner-manager may prefer a more leisurely lifestyle and not work as vigorously to maximize shareholder wealth, because less of the wealth will now accrue to the owner-manager. In addition, the owner-manager may decide to consume more perquisites, because some of the cost of the consumption of benefits will now be borne by the outside shareholders. Bamberg, Giinter, and Klaus Spremann, eds. Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987. ) In the majority of large publicly traded corporations, agency conflicts are potentially quite significant because the firm’s managers generally own only a small percentage of the common stock. Therefore, shareholder wealth maximization could be subordinated to an assortment of other managerial goals. For i nstance, managers may have a fundamental objective of maximizing the size of the firm. By creating a large, rapidly growing firm, executives increase their own status, create more opportunities for lower- and middle-level managers and salaries, and enhance their job security because an unfriendly takeover is less likely. As a result, incumbent management may pursue diversification at the expense of the shareholders who can easily diversify their individual portfolios simply by buying shares in other companies. (http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/A-Ar/Agency-Theory. html#ixzz14WVaUW4g) Managers can be encouraged to act in the stockholders’ best interests through incentives, constraints, and punishments. These methods, however, are effective only if shareholders can observe all of the actions taken by managers. A moral hazard problem, whereby agents take unobserved actions in their own self-interests, originates because it is infeasible for shareholders to monitor all managerial actions. To reduce the moral hazard problem, stockholders must incur agency costs. Measuring Agency Costs The idea behind assessing agency cost is to attempt to identify what impact these differences in objectives and the flow of information between the agent or manager and the shareholders is having on the overall profitability of the organization. By correctly identifying and addressing issues of agency cost, it is possible to minimize the influence of those factors, at least enough to allow the organization to continue moving forward, rather than running the risk of failure. Determining the agency cost normally begins with looking closely at the potential costs or risks associated with including some type of agent or manager in the organizational structure. For example, one potential risk would be the possibility that the individual who is appointed as an officer in the company could seek to use company assets for his or her own personal gain, to the detriment of the company. At the same time, agency cost also looks at the expense involved in anticipating potential abuses of power and resources, and structuring the organization so that abuse is less likely to occur. This may include offering incentives to key employees that promote loyalty and lessen the chance of misappropriation of resources, or structuring the accounting process so that a series of checks and balances create a separation of control, effectively preventing any one individual from having too much power within the organization. http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-an-agency-cost. htm) Agency costs are defined as those costs borne by shareholders to encourage managers to maximize shareholder wealth rather than behave in their own self-interests. The notion of agency costs is perhaps most associated with a seminal 1976 Journal of Finance paper by Michael Jensen and William Meckling, who suggested that corporate debt levels and management equity levels are both influenced by a wish to contain a gency costs. There are three major types of agency costs: 1) Expenditures to monitor managerial activities, such as audit costs (2) Expenditures to structure the organization in a way that will limit undesirable managerial behavior, such as appointing outside members to the board of directors or restructuring the company’s business units and management hierarchy (3) Opportunity costs which are incurred when shareholder-imposed restrictions, such as requirements for shareholder votes on specific issues, limit the ability of managers to take actions that advance shareholder wealth. In the absence of efforts by shareholders to alter managerial behavior, there will typically be some loss of shareholder wealth due to inappropriate managerial actions. On the other hand, agency costs would be excessive if shareholders attempted to ensure that every managerial action conformed with shareholder interests. Therefore, the optimal amount of agency costs to be borne by shareholders is determined in a cost-benefit context—agency costs should be increased as long as each incremental dollar spent results in at least a dollar increase in shareholder wealth. (http://www. referenceforbusiness. om/encyclopedia/A-Ar/Agency-Theory. html#ixzz14WVaUW4g) Financial decision making for dealing with agency costs There are two polar positions for dealing with shareholder-manager agency conflicts. At one extreme, the firm’s managers are compensated entirely on the basis of stock price changes. In this case, agency costs will be low because managers have great incentives to m aximize shareholder wealth. It would be extremely difficult, however, to hire talented managers under these contractual terms because the firm’s earnings would be affected by economic events that are not under managerial control. At the other extreme, stockholders could monitor every managerial action, but this would be extremely costly and inefficient. The optimal solution lies between the extremes, where executive compensation is tied to performance, but some monitoring is also undertaken. In addition to monitoring, the following mechanisms encourage managers to act in shareholders’ interests: (1) performance-based incentive plans (2) direct intervention by shareholders (3) the threat of firing (4) the threat of takeover Most publicly traded firms now employ performance shares, which are shares of stock given to executives on the basis of performances as defined by financial measures such as earnings per share, return on assets, return on equity, and stock price changes. If corporate performance is above the performance targets, the firm’s managers earn more shares. If performance is below the target, however, they receive less than 100 percent of the shares. Incentive-based compensation plans, such as performance shares, are designed to satisfy two objectives. First, they offer executives incentives to take actions that will enhance shareholder wealth. Second, these plans help companies attract and retain managers who have the confidence to risk their financial future on their own abilities—which should lead to better performance. (http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/A-Ar/Agency-Theory. html#ixzz14WVaUW4g) An increasing percentage of common stock in corporate America is owned by institutional investors such as insurance companies, pension funds, and mutual funds. The institutional money managers have the clout, if they choose, to exert considerable influence over a firm’s operations. Institutional investors can influence a firm’s managers in two primary ways. First, they can meet with a firm’s management and offer suggestions regarding the firm’s operations. Second, institutional shareholders can sponsor a proposal to be voted on at the annual stockholders’ meeting, even if the proposal is opposed by management. Although such shareholder-sponsored proposals are nonbinding and involve issues outside day-to-day operations, the results of these votes clearly influence management opinion. (http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/A-Ar/Agency-Theory. html#ixzz14WVaUW4g) In the past, the likelihood of a large company’s management being ousted by its stockholders was so remote that it posed little threat. This was true because the ownership of most firms was so widely distributed, and How to cite Agency Costs and Financial Decision-Making, Papers

Aldi Case free essay sample

Individual Action points included in the presentation8 Appendix8 Executive Report Group 9 was assigned with the Aldi case study for the Marketing Management assessment. I was assigned with the role of Group Leader by the members and also trusted with the work for the PowerPoint presentation slides as I stated that I have the proper knowledge. The role of the leader was taken seriously and I starting setting the meeting conditions and proposed and delegated the individual research subjects related to our group case study. The individual research I undertook for the Aldi case study was the defining the Lean concept and detail research of the Continuous Improvement concept. As a group leader I took the decision that all the individual pieces of research to be presented inside the group for all to acknowledge the management concepts used into making the company run lean processes and getting customer satisfaction. Personally I designed the slides and the structure, which was later slightly modified by John Vincent’s proposal. A simple product line has allowed Aldi to be very profitable. Focusing on one genre of products to sell, Aldi can increase the quality of those products. The company does not spread itself out too thin and strives on brining the lowest best quality product to the shelves. )Why have they been so successful over the years? This should be from a consumer perspective. Different from #1 which is from the company perspective. What is the compelling consumer need or perception that they fill in the marketplace. How do they compare to our biggest discounter in food, Walmart? I believe Aldi has become so successful over the years because the company strives on simplicity. Employees of Aldi understand consumer behavior very well. They know consumers are lazy and want to be in and out of stores in the quickest time possible. Therefore, Aldi management has created a shopping experience meant for the â€Å"in and out shopper† which has seen great positive affects. To be the most efficient store, Aldi’s â€Å"do not accept checks or credit cards. There is no butcher or bakery, and fruit is sold in bags to speed checkout. † Compared to Walmart, a store that offers a far less enjoyable consumer experience, Aldi strives to be different. Unlike Aldi’s, Walmart stores can sometimes be intimidating to consumers because of the vast array of product offerings. Consumers find shopping at Walmart to be difficult because there is not a lot of help and that the store is just too large. Aldi’s on the other hand, creates a much more consumer friendly atmosphere by offering only food and household items. Also when you walk into an Aldi store, you are immediately in a shopping aisle. The store is designed so consumers need to walk through every aisle creating more chances of incidental exposure. Aldi stores are not designed to look pretty. The only purpose they offer to consumers is to help them find products that they need. 3)After visiting our local Aldi’s store, why do you think this global powerhouse may struggle to do well in the US? What was your initial impression of the store? Who shops there? After visiting the store, I believe this global powerhouse may struggle in the US because the inside of the store is not very conducive to providing a great shopping experience. The aisles are messy and the products look as if they were pulled out from the back of a truck. The store is dimly lit and seems almost dirty. When I walked into the store, I was originally taken back because I had a mindset that it was going to be very nice. However, I was wrong. I did not enjoy my surroundings and I did not believe that Aldi focuses on the high quality portion of their mission, but only the low cost. Also, the customers that Aldi attracts are lower class individuals. These people shop in bulk and are attracted to the store because of the low prices. They do not care about the sloppiness of the displays just that they can get the lowest price. 4)Knowing what you do about assortment, what part of the ROA equation do you think they maximize? Explain. I believe Aldi maximizes the total assets part of the formula. Because the company strives on stocking it shelves with a limited number of products, their total assets are relatively low. This creates a higher ROA. Aldi has done a very good job at maximizing sales while controlling expenses. The higher the income and lower the total assets shows how well Aldi is producing earnings from its assets. 5)Now, talk to someone that has shopped at a Trader Joe’s, also owned by Aldi. Why do you think this similar strategy with a completely different execution (in store look and feel) might be more successful here in the US. Look at their US locations for Trader Joe’s. How can they continue to have limited assortment and yet cater to a more affluent target than Aldi’s stores? Based on the article you read, why do you think Trader Joes and Aldi’s are so secretive about their business? Many US businesses see it as PR if they are covered in the press, these entities feel this is unnecessary. What would you do if the head of marketing for the parent company, adapt to US marketing standards of transparency builds relationships or keep your image hidden and let your products, locations, etc speak for themselves? (Explain your rationale using marketing principles not just your opinion). I believe this similar strategy with a different execution of Trader Joe’s is more successful here because they are more aware of what American consumers want and how they shop. Trader Joe’s connects with its consumers on a more personal level. Their employees are friendly and their displays are unique, creating an overall enjoyable shopping experience. I think Trader Joe’s is more successful because the company swaps selection for quality. Customers have begun to trust Trader Joe’s in that what ever is on their shelves is the best possible product. Aldi does not have this trust yet. With time, more and more customers will begin to trust the foreign company in that their offerings are of the best quality. Also, I believe Aldi needs to focus ore on creating nicer displays. Currently, these stores are very messy and this could be a reason consumers do not like shopping there. Trader Joe’s can target more affluent people by offering more unique products. Already it offers exotic, affordable luxuries and for it further differentiate itself from Aldi, Trader Joe’s should expand these types of products while cutting back on more common products they sell. Based on the article, I believe Aldi’s and Trader Joe’s are so secretive about how they run their individual businesses because they have been so successful. I believe they do not want larger stores such as Walmart and Target to figure out their key to success. Because Walmart and Target occupy a large sector of the market and are both extremely powerful, Aldi and Trader Joe’s do not want to be overtaken by them. If I were head of marketing I would continue with keeping the companies image hidden for a period of time. If this tactic was not working, I would soon then adapt to a more transparent company. US consumers like to hear from their favorite companies and they like to feel a connection to the upper levels of management, therefore companies who are more hidden from them may not fare as well.

Wu-Tang Forever free essay sample

After three years of pursuing solo releases, the Wu-Tang Clan has reunited for the double CD, Wu-Tang Forever. The much-anticipated album is the groups first since their popular debut, 36 Chambers. It was produced by the RZA, and features all nine members (if you can name them all, you are a true fan) throughout the 27 tracks on this expanded format. In addition, the first of the two discs is also an enhanced CD. This allows you (if you have access to a CD-ROM drive) to play an interactive game and view footage of the group. The album itself resembles their first in many ways. From the hard-core lyrics and rhymes to the old kung-fu fighting movie samples, it has the sound that made the first so easily recognizable. The music will definitely not be confused with any other popular hip hop act like Puff Daddy or Snoop Doggy Dogg. The Clan uses little or no sampling or borrowing the musical hook from older music, unlike the more popular rap hits of the past few years. We will write a custom essay sample on Wu-Tang Forever or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is not the type of music for everyone. Its tracks are laced with explitives, and it is labeled as such. The albums first release, Triumph, has been compared to the groups first hit Protect ya Neck. The song features all nine rappers. Its high-tech video, computerized bees and all, is a favorite on MTV. But it is not one of this reviewers favorite songs. In fact, the whole album is sort of a disappointment. Despite the few tracks that are all right, it just seems to be missing the edge the first had. The next release due out, Its Yours, is a better song, but it doesnt approach songs like C.R.E.A.M. and Bring da Ruckus. Maybe it is because there was so much anticipation, or maybe the layoff has had an effect on the groups sound. The album was released over the summer, and is in abundance at your local music store. Most of the groups big fans probably already own a copy, so there isnt much of a rush to buy it. If you are into the R and hip-hop scene, it may be worth checking out. However, I wouldnt recommend it. If you want Wu-Tang Clan albums and already own 36 Chambers, the solo projects (R.A., Method Man, O.D.B., Tha Genius, Rackwon) are a much safer bet. .

Goals in Life Essay Sample - How to Create a Goal in Life Essay Sample Yourself

Goals in Life Essay Sample - How to Create a Goal in Life Essay Sample YourselfIf you're looking for goals in life essay sample, you've come to the right place. You can find lots of free essays online, but sometimes it's not always easy to know which ones are suitable for your needs. The best way to find one is to write one yourself. Here's what to do:o Write the goals first. Make sure that the goal you're going to start with is very specific and not too broad. Take note of what your expectations are for your essay, and use those words to help guide you on how to write your own essay.o Create a brief definition of your goals and how you'll go about achieving them. It doesn't have to be long; it just has to be concise. This will be very important later.o It's always important to write more than one goal at a time. You should create several goals at once, as well as several short paragraphs describing how you'll achieve each goal. Your goal should be clear in the first paragraph, so yo u'll know what you're writing about.o You should always have some description about your target audience, which should be obvious in the beginning. Many writers who try to impress people often fail because they don't mention their target audience's expectations. The words you choose for your target audience will determine how they'll feel when reading your essay.o Once you've written your goal, take a look at it again and make sure that it matches your expectations. A goal you write without having anticipated what it could mean for you and your essay would make it sound very vague and that you have no idea what you're doing.Remember that writing a goal in life essay sample isn't really a hard thing to do. It's something that you can do on your own and it would save you a lot of time if you get it wrong.

Analyzing the Inculturation Process of Specific Historical Moments in the Development of the Christian Faith

English Words Borrowed From the Chinese Language

English Words Borrowed From the Chinese Language Words taken completely or in part from another language are known as loanwords. In the English language, there are many loanwords that have been borrowed from Chinese languages and dialects. A loanword is not the same as calque, which is an expression from one language that has been introduced into another language as a direct translation. Many English-language calques also have origins in Chinese. Loanwords and calques are useful to linguists in examining when and how one culture processed its interaction with another. 10 English Words That Are Borrowed From Chinese 1. Coolie: While some claim that this term has its origins in Hindi, it’s been argued that it could also have origins in the Chinese term for hard work or è‹ ¦Ã¥Å â€º (kÇ” là ¬) which is literally translated as â€Å"bitter labor.† 2. Gung Ho: The term has its origins in the Chinese word Ã¥ · ¥Ã¥ Ë† (gÃ… ng hà ©) that can either mean to work together  or as an adjective to describe someone that is overly excited or too enthusiastic. The term gong he is a shortened word for industrial cooperatives which were created in China in the 1930s. During that time U.S. Marines adopted the term to mean someone with a can-do attitude. 3. Kowtow: From the Chinese Ã¥  ©Ã¥ ¤ ´ (kà ²u tà ³u) describing the ancient practice performed when anyone greeted a superior – such as an elder, leader, or emperor. The person had to kneel and bow down to the superior, making sure that their foreheads hit the ground. â€Å"Kou tou† is literally translated as â€Å"knock your head.† 4. Tycoon: The origins of this word comes from the Japanese term taikun, which was what foreigners called the shogun of Japan. A shogun was known to be someone who took over the throne and is not related to the emperor. Thus the meaning is typically used for someone who obtained power through might or hard work, rather than inheriting it. In Chinese, the Japanese term â€Å"​taikun† is Ã¥ ¤ §Ã§Å½â€¹ (d wng) which means â€Å"big prince.† There are other words in Chinese that also describe a tycoon including è ´ ¢Ã©Ëœâ‚¬ (ci f) and Ã¥ · ¨Ã¥ ¤ ´ (jà ¹ tà ³u). 5. Yen: This term comes from the Chinese word æ„ ¿ (yun) which means a hope, desire, or wish. Someone who has a strong urge for oily fast food can be said to have a yen for pizza. 6. Ketchup: The origins of this word are debated. But many believe that its origins are from either the Fujianese dialect for the fish sauce é ® ­Ã¦ ±  (guÄ « zhÄ « ) or the Chinese word for eggplant sauce èÅ'„æ ±  (qià © zhÄ «). 7. Chop Chop: This term is said to originate from the Cantonese dialect for the word Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¥ ¿ « (kui kui) which is said to urge someone to hurry up. Kuai means hurry in Chinese. â€Å"Chop Chop† appeared in English-language newspapers printed in China by foreign settlers as early as the 1800s. 8. Typhoon: This is probably the most direct loanword. In Chinese, a hurricane or typhoon is called Ã¥  °Ã© £Å½ (ti fÄ“ng). 9. Chow:  While chow is a breed of dog, it should be clarified that the term did not come to mean food because the Chinese hold the stereotype of being dog-eaters. More likely, chow as a term for food comes from the word è Å" (ci) which can mean food, a dish (to eat), or vegetables. 10. Koan: Originating in Zen Buddhism, a koan is a riddle without a solution, which is supposed to highlight the inadequacy of logic reasoning. A common one is â€Å"What is the sound of one hand clapping.† (If you were Bart Simpson, you would just fold one hand until you made a clapping noise.) Koan comes from the Japanese which comes from the Chinese for å… ¬Ã¦ ¡Ë† (gÃ… ng n). Literally translated it means common case.

Summarize and Analyze your Entrepreneur Interview Essay

Summarize and Analyze your Entrepreneur Interview - Essay Example Amrita belongs to Indian origin. Her father and mother are Indian. Family back ground of the interviewee is very simple and she belongs to a simple Indian family which has migrated from India to USA. The interviewee is also a UX Research associate in User experience centre of Bentley University. Amrita is significantly passionate towards the various extra curriculum activities like playing Cricket, Tennis and reading books and travelling. She is extremely passionate about the lean start up methodology and she has managed it well enough. She is a graduate of Women’s leadership organization. The interviewer has identified her with the help of LinkedIn. All the above information is indicating that background of the entrepreneur is very much simple and she had to start her business from the scratch. But the interviewee has suitable educational background and working experience to come up with new business. Opportunity identification is a fundamental requirement for any entrepreneur. Amrita was travelling from India to USA. She was travelling to attend her high school reunion in USA. She was properly dressed up and she had her dresses in her bags also. But during that trip to reunion party she was missing shoes. She was thinking to borrow it from someone. But unfortunately she had to spend her money to purchase new shoes. At that point of time shoes were not at all required for the interviewee. But as there was no other choice to her, she had to buy it. So opportunity identification was significantly real-time and practical in nature. In this case, situation guided Amrita towards the opportunity. Opportunity identification was very much specific in nature and it helped the interviewee to come up with a successful idea. Here in this case also the interviewee identified the opportunity suitably. Here in this case one thing is crystal clear that opportunities are everywhere. But proper

Media arts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media arts - Research Paper Example In the pre-production stage, the cinematographer conducts research, selects, and approves locations, props, equipment, crew, set colours, textures and shoot tests. The DOP designates the filters and other photographic controls to be followed during filming (BSC, 2011). Since the production designer is responsible for creating the physical and visual appearance of the film, they work together to generate the set design sketches, special effects, lighting, costumes, props, make-up and hair. The production budget, filming schedules, and key shots are also determined, with assistance from the Director. During the shooting stage, the cinematographer plans the shooting order for activities and directs the trials of scenes to be shot for the day. He designs lighting that matches the locations and actors with the story. It is in this stage that different lighting techniques are employed to set mood, direct viewer attention and provide information about the scenes by use of equipment such as table lamps, bulbs, candles, filters and stage light. The manner in which light falls on face of the actor or lights a landscape or an interior space can create drama, mood, and excitement for the audience. Lower lighting and shadows can be used to show darker moods like horror and sadness or eerie and haunting looks while brighter lighting to show happiness. Soft lighting can depict romantic and heartwarming tone or set a nostalgic tone by use of candle light. Natural lighting can be used to replicate the actual environment of the scene. Furthermore, lighting between scenes may alter as the film p rogresses to communicate changes in the characters’ emotions (BSC, 2011). The cinematographer may employ high contrast lighting techniques by combining harsh streaks of light with bold, black streaks to create a mood of tension and anxiety. The production designer has to be